Natural And Environmental Factors Of Diabetes - 1622 Words

Public Health Problem This problem exists in society for a few different reasons which mainly include both natural and environmental factors. Diabetes consists of two main types, Type I and Type II, where both can be attributed to either an unhealthy diet or natural gene problem [3]. Type I diabetes occurs mainly when the body can not produce enough or any Insulin to absorb the glucose a person eats. Ten percent of all Americans in the United States with Diabetes suffers from this form, and need daily insulin injection to ensure proper blood sugar levels [5]. Type II Diabetes is caused the limited production of Insulin to properly interact with the bodies cells, and the inability to properly bind to the glucose enzymes. In simple terms, this happens because the body can either not produce any or enough Insulin to properly interact and regulate the blood sugar levels of a person. Diabetes can occur in the body from either a natural state or an environmental factor. The natural occurr ence of either Type I or II is common in many Americans with Type II being more commonly and easily associated with genetic mutations [4]. This metabolic disorder of inadequate identification of Insulin by the body causes the blood sugar to rise, and this is turn is know as the disease Diabetes. Type I diabetes can also be tied to genetic insufficiencies, but is more commonly associated with environmental factors that include lifestyle choices. This association with a person’s diet is mostShow MoreRelatedDiabetic Biological Variation - Rough Draft1275 Words   |  6 PagesBiological Variation – Rough Draft Diabetes is a complex disease which bonds together evolution and environmental factors and creates many health issues for humans. Diabetes (mellitus) is classified into three groups of metabolic diseases that involves high blood sugar (glucose) and it can occur in different ways depending on circumstances. Type 2 diabetes occurs when cells do not function correctly, and evidently the cells do not properly respond to insulin. Type 1 diabetes involves the body’s inadequateRead MoreDiabetes : A Complex Disease1295 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes is a complex disease which bonds together evolution and environmental factors and creates many health issues for humans. Diabetes (mellitus) is classified into three groups of metabolic diseases which involves high blood sugar (glucose) and it can occur in different ways, depending on circumstances. Type 2 diabetes occurs when cells do not function correctly, and evidently the cells do not properly respond to insulin. Type 1 diabetes i nvolves the body’s inadequate production of insulinRead MoreDiabetes : A Growing Issue1149 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes mellitus has been a growing issue in the United States. Type 2 diabetes has been in the spotlight due to the rapidly increasing numbers of obese Americans. 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There are two main causes for such a situation; one is when the pancreas becomes unable to produce a hormone named Insulin, which is responsible toRead MoreA Study On Bias And Selection Bias987 Words   |  4 Pagesin the data collection stage of investigations. It arises when there is intentional or unintentional differential recall and reporting of information about the exposure or outcome variable. In the study, recall bias can occur if people with type 1 diabetes mellitus remember or report their exposure (diet, duration of virsus) differently. With cohort studies diseased participants are more or less likely to recall prior exposures than not diseased individuals. Recall bias impacts the study since it canRead MoreDiabetes Is A Disorder Of Too Little, Too Much Or Ineffective Use Of Insulin1187 Words   |  5 Pages Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder of too little, too much or ineffective use of insulin. The different classifications of this are know as type I diabetes or IDDM (insulin dependent or juvenile diabetes), type 2 diabetes or NIDDM (non-insulin dependent diabetes or adult on-set), and gestational diabetes mellitus. There is also pre-diabetes, which is the term used to indicate the condition of impaired glucose balance, impaired fasting, or tolerance of glucose. This is more of a risk factor for a possibleRead MoreDiabetes Case Study1733 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes case study Q1. Compare the incidents of diabetes within each region of the U.S. for the past year and identify which state has the highest burden of this disease. Although the increasing prevalence of diabetes has been long noted in the media, only recently have the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) begun to compile state-specific data on diabetes. Southern states have the highest diabetes rate. Among the 10 states with the highest diabetes rates, only Arizona is not in the SouthRead MoreDr. Sharon Moalem And Jonathan Prince1264 Words   |  6 Pageslamentable category. However, Dr.Sharon Moalem and Jonathan Prince approach diseases from a different view in their scientific book Survival of the Sickest . They discuss that if diseases weren t helpful, shouldn t they have been eliminated through natural selection or shouldn t humans have developed resistance to them through the use of evolution? Moalem and Prince answer the questions by going back in time and analyzing the uses of diseases, and come across surprises that may help humans in the futureRead MoreHow Diabetes Affects The Functioning Of The Heart, Kidneys, Eyes And Nerves1363 Words   |  6 PagesIt is a well known fact that diabetes can affect the functioning of the heart, kidneys, eyes and nerves but few people realize that diabetes can also lead to dental problems especially in those who are past 45 years of age. In many cases dental problems in diabetics can lead to loss of teeth. This situation can be prevented to a great extent by becoming aware of the various dental problems caused by diabetes and taking timely preventive steps to avoid them. The main causes of dental problems areRead MoreFast food and slow food, vastly different competitors, combat daily in an uneven competition for1500 Words   |  6 PagesFast food and slow food, vastly different competitors, combat daily in an uneven competition for consumer favouritism influenced by convenience, value for money, and variety, along with nutritional benefits. This essay will explore factors influencing convenience, monetary value, variety, and nutritional benefits, guiding these worthy competitors to the pinnacle position of consumerism. Moreover, this essay will explore whether the competition between fast and slow food product is fought on a level

Essay Topics For ESL Learners

<h1>Essay Topics For ESL Learners</h1><p>The principle points for ESL students can be incredibly wide. However, that doesn't mean they ought to be as well. The way to deal with such a subject must be dictated by how the instructor will apply it to the conversation in a study hall setting. In the event that the educator will compose an exposition regarding the matter wherein an enormous number of understudies will peruse and talk about, the instructor should settle on a theme which will be unmistakably obvious to all but not be excessively confusing.</p><p></p><p>In that case, you should seriously mull over a basic point or issue. You will be confronted with heaps of inquiries and your assignment will be to give the essential answers which fulfill the understudies. For certain understudies, this may be trying just as to some degree nerve-wracking. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you utilize a theme thought which is effectively compre hended by countless understudies, the homeroom conversation will be increasingly gainful and helpful for everyone.</p><p></p><p>There are an assortment of approaches to move toward such points and normal article subjects for ESL students include: essential/optional subjects, recreational, scholarly, political, etc. Each of these may have various preferences and impediments relying upon how they are introduced in the task. They each offer a similar objective - to address the aptitudes and information an understudy has obtained in their time in the United States. This assists with making this one of the most helpful approaches to deal with article points for ESL learners.</p><p></p><p>To start with, how a specific task is structured will be a urgent piece of the plan. It's critical to consider the configuration of the task just as how it will be tended to. Numerous understudies frequently feel awkward when they enter a study hall wherein they are relegated a specific subject. Thusly, it's essential to consider what will occur during the introduction. How the educator is going to respond to questions can be one of the most significant parts of the design.</p><p></p><p>It's constantly a smart thought to concentrate on getting familiar with understudies who will go to the class. Know about any trouble the understudies may have in tending to the particular point. At that point consider what you may have the option to do to support them. You can even base a piece of the task on the points that they experience issues with.</p><p></p><p>Look at the particulars of every particular paper subjects for ESL students. In the event that you need to cover themes, for example, sports, you should ensure that they have just taken in a couple of the essential realities of the subject. You can utilize general realities to help them through it. The most ideal approach is to be clear with the rudiments and afterward push ahead as they progress.</p><p></p><p>Consider likewise what sort of realizing you need to use to experience the undertaking. You can utilize it to consider your own life, or you can utilize it to think about the historical backdrop of this nation. You can utilize it to consider life outside of school. On the off chance that you need to utilize it to ponder recent developments, it's a smart thought to consider the book just as network shows and motion pictures that are pertinent to the current political situation.</p><p></p><p>As you see specific article subjects for ESL students, consider what sort of thought you might want to utilize. Is it unreasonably convoluted for your understudies? Is it unreasonably simple for your students?</p>

How To Use Hints From Hypothesis Essay Samples To Create A Better Answer

How To Use Hints From Hypothesis Essay Samples To Create A Better AnswerStudents who are unsure about how to formulate a hypothesis in an essay, may turn to their class textbooks for sample questionnaires and research methods. However, taking a hands-on approach can help students learn this concept much quicker and effectively.The first thing to do is to write the prompt questions that will give students a specific topic to focus on. Another way to create a prompt is to create a list of questions that you would like to ask a professor who is conducting an experiment. You can also ask other classmates, or co-workers who are studying the subject.When taking a survey, students should give themselves the option to think about the real life situation to which they will use the materials. Once the topic is determined, it is a good idea to brainstorm ways in which students can use the materials. For example, using words or ideas from a particular section of a book or newspaper article can s park students' interest. Once this concept is explored, the student will have the knowledge they need to develop a hypothesis.When reading a hypothesis, students should follow the steps listed in the sample papers or prompts. First, they should create a list of possible facts that might apply to the situation. Next, they should define the problem they are trying to solve, then check to see if the situation has a solution.It is important for students to know how they should respond to the preliminary inquiry, such as whether the answers to their questions are realistic or not. Once the student thinks they have addressed the preliminary inquiry and satisfied themselves with the answers, the student should make a clear prediction of what will happen next.After the conclusion of the assignment, the students should take the test to see how they did. If all of the results were accurate, they should change the hypothesis to make it more specific. If any answers they made to the initial que stion were incorrect, they should revise them to meet the questions. In addition, the student should correct any parts of the questions that were not correctly answered.Although the hypothesis is a short answer to a problem, students can be creative with their sample questions. They should create a prompt, but then look to see what they learned from the textbook. They can create a detailed hypothesis by creating an outline and asking themselves what the student has learned.

REL212 WEEK 4 Example

Essays on REL212 WEEK 4 Term Paper Religion and Theology Religion and Theology Wu Wei refers to a concept of Daoism that means knowing when to act or not to act. It also means a natural action. An aspect of Taoism is not to act but do everything. Non-doing is a spontaneous and effortless action. The aspect is immensely practical in the west as people experience themselves as part of unity of life. The city dwellers are, therefore, in a position to maintain balance and harmony (Bowler, 2010, p. 23).This is an appropriate way for a person to live his/her life since it implies an activity that is natural, spontaneous, and without effort. It also promotes ones ability to learn and listen to both voices of environment and ones own voices. This enables us to heed intelligence for both body and mind.Paradox of Wu WeiThis arises since the statement is contradictory in nature. A good example of the paradox is a matter of how one act without acting. People try not to try by making it understandable and easy as if not trying. To eliminate the paradox, this means act on something before it comes into existence (Huang, and Chia, 2005, p. 11).Powers that a Confucius’ Superior Person as a modern-day super hero would haveToday, superior person posses’ powers like wealth, advanced education, and influential positions in church and the government. The person would use his character of benevolence to combat evil. This is a person who has considerable influence on the people and an optimistic view of the nature of human beings. They appreciate heaven as a personal and positive force in the universe (Huang, and Chia, 2005, p. 14).Someone who meets Confucius’ characteristics for a Superior PersonKong Fu meets the Confucius characteristics of a superior person. Superior people make their thoughts sincere; their objective must be truth and does not set their mind against anything or for anything. Kong, a philosopher positively influenced the life of East Asians through his teachings. He believed th at if one knows the truth and do not act on it, then he/she lacks courage. He ensured that he delivered all the vital information to the people (Bowler, 2010, p. 29).The past assignments have made me realize the importance of avoiding violation of moral principles. They have made me mature into a superior person who copes with the prevailing situations. I am more concerned of virtue, composed and satisfied as opposed to concentrating on comfort.ReferencesBowler, P. (2010). The Completely Superior Persons Book of Words: Bloomsbury PublishingHuang, T., Chia, M. (2005). The secret teachings of the Tao te ching: Inner Traditions / Bear Co

Philosophy Of Medicine Essay Example For Students

Philosophy Of Medicine Essay The book, the Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman is anobjective look into the world of two different cultures and their beliefsystems. The viewpoints of the Hmong and of the American doctors represent Hmongculture and the root of Western medicine. The book takes into account how twocultures, rather, two completely opposite worlds are collided and theirimpact on each other (Fadiman 1997). The book uncovers the underlying meaning ofhow different Western medicine can be from different cultures and its challengesand consequences. In addition, Fadiman questions the very basics of philosophyby taking into account the simple metaphysics and moral ethics that face Liasdoctors and parents and what role society plays. The book questions the beliefsystem of Western medicine as well as the Hmong beliefs and cultural practices. Fadiman encourages us to think of the root of Western culture and medicine aswell as learning about the Hmongs beliefs. Which is more relevant? When apatient is in a life or death situation, whose opinion and expertise on medicineholds higher ground? In the case of Lia Lee, this was the problem. Why was Hmongculture and practice irrelevant in the eyes of the many doctors and nurses thatcared for Lia? Reading this book, it is obvious to see the philosophy of westernmedicine versus the Hmong culture. This book helps clearly define westernculture and its biomedical system by contrasting it to the Hmongs. The book,more than anything, else analyzes the epistemological, metaphysical, and moralviewpoints of both western medicine and that of the Hmong culture and questionstheir validity and effectiveness. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge(Tauber). In this book, the theory of knowledge can be posed by one question. How did Leaget sick? This question leads to two different viewpoints Western medicineand culture and the Hmong. The root of Western medicine is biomedicine. Whatmakes biomedicine unique and sets it apart from other cultures is the idea thatthere is only one answer and one truth behind that. Simply stated, it is amatter of facts and the question of what, not how(Tauber). This is the primarydifference between Hmong culture and Western medicine. In the book, Liasdoctors wanted to know the one problem that was causing Lia to have severeseizures. They neglected to ask how Lia got sick. The view of Lias parentswas the complete opposite. They wanted to know how Lia got sick and if thismeant Lia was blessed with a gift and would become a txiv neeb(Fadiman). To understand the epistemological perspective of the Hmong, we must first takeinto account their cultural identity and how they practiced it. The Hmong wereadamant in their belief system and were wary of the doctors in Merced in therecare of Lia. Under their care, they believed; Lia would have been healed. TheHmong cultures to cure an illness, in Lias case the quag dab peg, there wereanimal sacrifices made. Lias parents say that Lias soul had left her whenher sister had unintentionally slammed the door. This rationalization that thedoor frightened Lia and was the cause of the series of medical problems shewould face, is an example of the epistemological view of Lias parents. It wasinteresting to read in the book, as Faddiman recounts, the way the doctorstreated Lias parents. Because of the cultural barrier, communication problemspertained to everything from signing a document to administration of medicationfor Lia. Because of the cultural barrier, there were problems of moral ethics aswell. Did the doctors ever take into account the parents wishes for their child?Lias parents believed that the only medication they were willing to give Liawould be the kind that would be fast and preferably in a pill. The Hmong cultureis against shots and blood being taken in large quantities as well as anythingthat could affect the dab and cause evil spirits to enter her soul(Fadiman). Epistemologically speaking, the doctors had a completely different viewpoint ofwhat happened to Lia than her parents. From the doctors point of view, theirmain concern was not primarily how Lia got sick but rather where the existenceof the illness came from. There main goal as Lias doctors was to stop theseizures that were taking control of Lias body and to do that they needed toknow where the problem was located. Was the uncontrollable epilepsy caused by aneurological deficit in Lias brain? On the other hand, was there somethingmicroscopic that the doctors could not see that caused Lia to have a uniquedisease that had nothing to do with normal standard epileptic patients? This iswhere the Hmong perspective and the view of Western medicine take differentpaths. One could question if they were ever on the same path to begin with. Thedoctors questioned where the illness came from while the Lias parents askedhow. Epistemology is derived from the Greek episteme, meaningknowledge, and logo s, which has several meanings, including theory.(www.comptons.com). Whereas metaphysics is concerned with the underlying nature of reality,epistemology deals with the possibilities and limits of human knowledge. Ittries to arrive at a knowledge of knowledge itself(www.md.com). It is also aspeculative branch of philosophy and tries to answer such questions as: Is theworld as people perceive it the basic reality, or do people perceive onlyappearances (or phenomena) that conceal basic reality? What are the boundariesbetween reason and knowledge, on the one hand, and what some thinkers call theillusions deriving from metaphysics? What is the basis for knowledge? Is itobservation, experience, intuition, or inspiration? On the other hand, is theresome other basis?(www.comptons.com) In Lias case, the basis for knowledgestemmed from two completely different cultures. The belief and basis forknowledge that the Hmong had believed for years centered on the sprit and thedab. Western medicine was far more narrow and straightforward dismissing anyidea that the pra ctices and rituals of the Hmong would be of any help. Knowledgemay be regarded as having two parts. There is, first, what one sees, hearstouches, tastes, and smells. Next there is the way these perceptions areorganized by the mind to form ideas or concepts. The problem of epistemology isbased on how philosophers have understood the relationship of the mind to therest of reality(Tauber). The Hmong believed in animal sacrifice and treating thebody with herbs and liquids rather than injecting the patient with needles anddrawing blood. This process harms the individual according to the Hmong, anddamages it so the soul will have a harder time coming back. One of the primaryconcerns with the treatment of Lia was the medication she was on. Since doctorsdid not know for certain what Lia had and what was causing her seizures,numerous combinations and doses of medicine were given. From the doctorsperspective it was all they could do at the time(Fadiman 97)). Lias parentsbelieved that the admi nistration of so many drugs was the problem. In addition,the cultural barrier led to frustration and anger when medication was not givenproperly and when Lias parents decided against western medicine. Since theVietnam War ended in 1975, approximately 150,000 Vietnamese refugees have beguntheir lives in the United States in Westminster, Calif., and a community southof Los Angeles in Orange County(Fadiman 97). Similarly, ethnic communities ofLaotians and Cambodians sprang up in such states as Texas, Louisiana, Illinois,Washington, Oregon, Virginia, Minnesota, Florida, and Pennsylvania. Californiahad the largest concentration of all Indo-Chinese groups, except for theIndo-Chinese Hmong, formerly a mountain-dwelling people of Vietnam and Laos,whose largest community was in Minnesota(www.comptons.com). Each group had itsown language and culture and preferred to live isolated from the others. Therefugee problem in Southeast Asia had been escalating ever since large-scalebombing attacks we re launched on North Vietnam in the mid-1960s. By the end ofthe conflict thousands were homeless and thousands more sought refuge from thevictorious Communists. American military forces evacuated many of the Vietnamese(among who were large numbers of ethnic Chinese). As repression and genocidefollowed the Communist takeover, still more refugees fled. Among them were vastnumbers of boat people, who used any sea vessel at their disposal to escapeIndochina. Many were first sheltered in refugee camps throughout Southeast Asiabefore reaching the United States(www.comptons.com). While these immigrants wereallowed into the United States under various refugee laws, the government soughtthe help of volunteer agencies to find American sponsors and to arrange for jobsand housing. The immigrants were then sent to various parts of the country tobegin new lives. The governments purpose in this program was to scatter themand thus prevent the growth of ethnic colonies such as the one that developed inWestminster(www.comptons.com). The plan failed quickly. Not long after theiroriginal settlement, the refugee families, driven by loneliness, began torelocate to ethnic communities. Thus, the present settlement of the Indo-Chineserefugees developed from this second migration. These resettled immigrants foundlife difficult. While most of the first Indo-Chinese refugees had beenwell-educated city dwellers, the later arrivals came from rural backgrounds andhad limited, if any, schooling. (The Hmong, for example, were subsistencepeasants without a written language.) They did not speak English, and their fewskills were useless in an urban, industrialized society. Many suffered fromphysical and psychological traumas that they had experienced before fleeingIndochina(Fadiman 97). Desperate for money and humiliated by their oppressedsituation, a few turned to criminal activities, but most worked hard to becomeless dependent upon public aid. Members of large families usually helped oneanoth er with living expenses and education costs. The origin of Hmong, I felt,was an important component in understanding where the Hmong came from and why,in America, they secluded to themselves far more than any other race. Fadimangoes into detail about the history of the Hmong and their culture struggle tokeep their identity. What I found interesting was that even in America where theHmong attained their freedom, they were still unhappy. The cultural barrier wasnever broken partially because the Hmong did not want to assimilate and losethemselves. Consequently, they often secluded themselves and did not botherlearning English and finding jobs. What they wanted most of all was a piece ofland where they could grow food and livestock to survive and practice theirbeliefs. Ironically, they fled their country to be free and came to America,only to feel the opposite. In Lias case, there was an underlying question toLias sickness. The main question was why did Lia get sick? The doctorsquestio ned the existence of Lias sickness while her parents questioned whythere ever was an illness. Lias doctors looked to rationalism and logic whileher parents took this as a sign to mean that her symptoms made her special. Theysaid that Lias condition was because she possessed a special trait that thetxiv neeb also possessed. Her parents thought she was blessed in a way. Death Returns To Formula One Racing EssayPhilosophers have said for thousands of years that people do not willingly dowhat is bad for themselves but may do what is bad for others if it appears thatgood for themselves will result. It has always been difficult to define what isgood and how one should act to achieve it(www.askjeeves.com). Some teachers havesaid that pleasure is the greatest good. Others have pointed to knowledge,personal virtue, or service to ones fellow human being. Individuals, and wholesocieties, have performed outrageous criminal acts on people, and they havefound ways to justify doing so based on some greater good.(Blais 93)The difficulty in deciding what good and obligation are has led moralphilosophers to divide into two camps. One camp says that there are no definite,objective standards that apply to everyone(Blais 93). People must decide whattheir duties are in each new situation. Others have said that there arestandards that apply to everyone, that what is g ood can generally be known. Ifthe good is known, the obligation to pursue it becomes clear. The position thatinsists there are ethical standards is called ethical absolutism, and theone that insists there are no such norms is called ethical relativity(Blais 93). One of the clearest and most useful statements of ethical absolutism came fromAristotle in his Nichomachean Ethics (Blais 93). He realized that what peopledesire they regard as good. Nevertheless, to say no more than this means thatall desires are good no matter how much that they conflict with one another. Consequently, there can be no standards at all. Aristotle solved this problem bydelineating between two types of desirenatural and acquired(www.comptons.com). Natural desires are those needs that are common to all human beings such as foodand shelter. Beyond these, people also have a desire for health, knowledge, anda measure of prosperity. By being natural, these desire, or needs, are good foreveryone. Since there can be no wrong basic needs, there can be no wrong desirefor these needs(www.comptons.com). However, there are other desires as well. These are not needs but wants. It is at the level of wants that the nature ofgood becomes clouded. Individuals may want something they desire as a good, butit may be bad for them. People with sound judgment should be able to decide whatis good for them, in contrast to what is only an apparent good(Blais 93). Thissound judgment comes with experience. Young children have little experience ofwhat is good or bad for them, so they must be guided by parents and otheradults. Mature adults, however, should be able to decide what is good for them,though history demonstrates that this is not always the case. People must decidewhat is good for others as well as for themselves(Fadiman 97). That is, theyexpect that goods for them apply equally to other people. To be able to treatothers in the same way one treats oneself, Aristotle said it is necessary tohave the three virtues of practical wisdom: temperance, courage, andjustice(www.comptons.com). Relativists do not believe that there areself-evid ent moral principles that are true for everyone. They say that peoplesmoral judgments are determined by the customs and traditions of the society inwhich they live(Blais 93). This is a clear example of why the Hmongs viewsdiffered from Western culture. These may have been handed down for centuries,but their age does not mean they are true standards. They are simply norms thata certain society has developed for itself. What is right is what society saysis right, and whatever is considered good for society must be right. If thiswere the case, did Lias doctors do everything they could? Were they cloudedby the mentality that Western medicines was superior to the Hmong culture anddisregard the practices that Lias parents strongly believed would save theirchild? If the doctors had taken a different approach from the beginning andhired interpreters and had not been one-sided in their beliefs, would Liasfate be changed? As with life, all choices involve risk. There are no principlesor stand ards that are right for all people at all time. New situations demandnew approaches. What was once valid may be inappropriate now. In the world ofthe 20th centurywith its rapid changes, endless wars, and moral upheavaltheideas of existentialism have seemed correct to many people in theworld(www.comptons .com). Some existentialists base their position onreligion(Blais 93). Even here they say it is impossible to fall back on morallaws or principles in making decisions. Choices must be made on faith, often inconflict with traditional moral guidelines. Individuals trust that what they aredoing is right, but they can be entirely wrong. They commit themselves to theunknown, and the decision can often be an agonizing problem. The Hmongsbeliefs were based on their faith in the healing power of their medicine. BeforeLia became severely ill, Hmong did not entirely dismiss Western medicine. Theydid, however, believe that a combination of the two would be more effective thanjust Western medicin e. Students of comparative ethics have found that mostsocietiesfrom the ancient to the modern periodshare certain features intheir ethical codes(Blais 93). Some of these have applied only within a society,while others have been universal. Most societies have had customs or lawsforbidding murder, bodily injury, or attacks on personal honor and reputation. Societies rely on rules that define elementary duties of doing good andfurthering the welfare of the group. In societies where the majorreligionsJudaism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhismare predominant, the dutyof helping the needy and the distressed has been implanted(www.comptons.com). These obligations extend beyond family to acquaintances and even strangers. Telling the truth and keeping promises are also widely regarded as duties. WhenLia was taken away to a temporary foster home, the doctors promised Liasparents that she would return to them in six months. When their promise fellthrough and Lia was not returned as promised, Lias parents began todisbelieve the system, which was intended to protect the individual. The UnitedStates represents a series of ideals. For most of those who have come to itsshores, it means the ideal of freedomthe right to worship as one chooses, toseek a job appropriate to ones skills and interests, to be judged equallybefore the law. It means the ideal of the frontier, of overcoming obstaclestaming the West, curing diseases, voyaging to the planets(Fadiman). It means theideal of progressthat personal life and political, social, and economicinstitutions will improve through hard work, fair play, and honest endeavor. Itmeans the ideal of democracythe right to be heard as an individual, the rightto cast a ballot i n a free election, the right to dream of a better life and towork toward ones goals(Fadiman). The Hmong did not have this voice, nor felttheir opinions mattered in the case of Lias health. In America they felt likeforeigners, in their homeland they felt the same. The fate of Lia Lee may havebeen different if not for ignorance, superiority in Western medicine, and acultural barrier that still continues today. Bibliographywww.md.health www.comptons.com Blais, Debbie. The ethics of specialization. Unpublished paper. University of Alberta (1993). Fadiman, Anne. The SpiritCatches You and You Fall Down. Noonday Press. Canada, (1997). Philosophy